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273ANALESRANFwwwanalesranfcomMaternalfructoseintakemodulatescholesterolmetabolisminresponsetoaWesterndietintheoffspringPalomaLópezLaizElenaFausteetalAnRealAcadFarmVol88nº3(2022)·pp257-275take Thiseffectcausedby fructoseandcholesterolintake wouldbedetrimental to theanimals sinceatherogenicindicesareincreasedand they willbemorelikely toundergocardiovasculardisease– TheincreasedhepaticexpressionofMTTP foundinboth theFandFChgroupwouldindicateahigherassemblyofcholesteroland triglyceridescontaininglipoproteins whichcorrelateswith theincreased valuesofplasma totalcholesterolnon-HDLcholesterolandtriglyceridesfoundintheserats–ThedecreasedhepaticexpressionofLDLRobservedintheFChgroupwouldsuggestaloweruptakeofnon-HDLlipoproteinsleadingtothehigherplasmanon-HDLcholesterolconcentrationobservedintheseanimalsAltogether,thisstudydemonstratesthatmaternalintakeoffructoseclearlyaffectscholesterolmetabolismintheprogenyleading toa foetalprogrammingeffectFurthermore thedietary treatmentoftheprogenywithfructosealoneorcombinedwithcholesteroland tagatosealsonegativelyaffectscholesterolmetabolismincreasing theiratherogenicindices Theseresultsdemonstratethedeleteriouseffectsofbothahighcarbohydrateandcholesterolintakein thedevelopmentofcardiovasculardiseases We wouldliketoemphasizethekeyroleofpharmacistsadvisingthepatientstoreduce theconsumptionofdietsrichincarbohydratesandcholesteroltopreventthefurtherdevelopmentofcardiovasculardiseasesRegarding the AtherogenicIndexofPlasma thesameincrease was foundbeing thedifference statistically significant versustheother twogroupsonlyin theprogeny fromcontrolmothersCuriously,indescendants from fructose-fedmothers fructosepluscholesterolintake wasable toproducea significantincrease withrespecttothecontrolgroupasthatoneobservedwithfructoseintake5CONCLUSIONSTheconclusionsofthepresentstudyare–In theoffspringofmothers thatdrank waterduringgestationtagatoseintakeincreasesplasmanon-HDLcholesteroland totalcholesterolconcentrations Thiseffectisattenuatedintheprogenyof fructose fedmothers which wouldindicatea foetalprogrammingeffect–Intheoffspringfromfructose-fedmothersfructoseandtagatoseintake tends tocauseadecreaseinplasmaHDLcholesterolandanincreaseintriglyceridesconcentrationleadingtoamarkedrisein theatherogenicratio versusthecontrolgroupThesefindingssuggestthatbothfructoseandtagatoseintakecanleadtoahigherriskofcardiovasculardiseasesinanimalssubjected to foetalprogramminginducedbypreviousmaternalfructosefeeding– Thecombinationofa fructose solutionplusacholesterol-richdietresultsinanincreaseintotalplasmacholesterolconcentration whichcorresponds toahugeriseinnon-HDLlevelsandadecreaseinHDLconcentrationregardlessthematernalinFigure17CoronaryRiskIndexandAtherogenicIndexofPlasmaobtainedaftercalculationofwithdatafromthesamplesobtainedafter21daysofreceivingdifferenttreatments(bluebarwater–Corangebarfructose–F,purplebarfructose+cholesterol-richdiet–FCh)Thebarsthatpresentalightercolourcorrespondtothedescendantsofmothersthatweregivenwaterduringgestation(maternalcontrolgroup)andthebarswithadarkercolour,tothedescendantsofmothersthatdrankafructose solutionduringgestation(maternal fructosegroup) Thedatapresentedaremeans± standarderror(SE) The symbol*denotes statistically significantdifferencesbetweendietsandthe#betweenmaternalintakes