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43 Nanomaterial y NanomedicinaMar%u00eda Vallet , Antonio J. SalinasNanomateriales para transformar el mundoNanomaterials to transform the World Agustina AsenjoInstituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC,C/ Sor Juana In%u00e9s de la Cruz 3, 28049-Madrid, Espa%u00f1ae-mail: a.asenjo@csic.es43ResUmeNLa nanotecnolog%u00eda tiene un impacto significativo en la sociedadabordando desaf%u00edos globales como salud, medio ambiente, recursosy desigualdades. Contribuye a mejorar tratamientos m%u00e9dicos,optimizar la agricultura y la gesti%u00f3n del agua, y avanzar en ladescarbonizaci%u00f3n. Adem%u00e1s, favorece la infraestructura, la econom%u00edacircular y la educaci%u00f3n en ciencia. Es decir, es un medio facilitadorpara alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de la ONU.Materiales como el grafeno, con propiedades excepcionales,ilustran c%u00f3mo la nanotecnolog%u00eda transforma los materiales a escalananom%u00e9trica para aplicaciones en electr%u00f3nica, medicina ysostenibilidad. La nanotecnolog%u00eda tambi%u00e9n impulsa avances enenerg%u00eda, mejorando bater%u00edas, c%u00e9lulas solares y biocombustibles, yen la construcci%u00f3n, con superficies autolimpiantes yanticontaminantes. En agricultura, mejora la eficiencia depesticidas y fertilizantes, y en biomedicina, facilita la liberaci%u00f3ncontrolada de f%u00e1rmacos y terapias avanzadas. A pesar de susbeneficios, es crucial gestionar los riesgos %u00e9ticos y ambientales paragarantizar su uso responsable y equitativo.PALAbRAs CLAveNanomaterialesRetos socialesNanopart%u00edculasNanomedicinaNanoelectr%u00f3nicaMicroscop%u00edas de barridoKeyWORDsNanomaterialsSocial ChallengesNanoparticlesNanomedicineNanoelectronicsScanning Probe MicroscopiesAbsTRACTNanotechnology has a significant impact on society by addressingglobal challenges such as health, the environment, resources, andinequalities. It contributes to improving medical treatments,optimizing agriculture and water management, and advancingdecarbonization. Additionally, it supports infrastructure, the circulareconomy, and science education. In other words, it is an enabling toolto achieve the United Nations%u2019 Sustainable Development Goals.Materials like graphene, with exceptional properties, illustrate hownanotechnology transforms materials at the nanoscale forapplications in electronics, medicine, and sustainability.Nanotechnology also drives advances in energy, improving batteries,solar cells, and biofuels, and in construction, with self-cleaning andanti-pollution surfaces. In agriculture, it enhances the efficiency ofpesticides and fertilizers, and in biomedicine, it enables controlleddrug release and advanced therapies. Despite its benefits, it is crucialto manage ethical and environmental risks to ensure its responsibleand equitable use.