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Lactobacillus was described to have higherabundance in three studies with children/adolescentswith Ow/OB compared to normal weight (23,28,33).Higher levels of Lactobacillus have been found in OBadults than in normal weight (48). Some speciesbelonging to this genus have been indeed associatedwith OB whereas others have been found to beassociated with weight loss in humans (48).Akkermansia was reported in lower abundance in twostudies of children/adolescents with Ow/OB comparedto normal weight (29) and in metabolically unhealthyobese vs. metabolically healthy obesechildren/adolescents (26). Akkermansia was found inhigher abundances in OB adults (39) and associated withleanness in both adult and children%u2019s studies (26). Alower abundance is associated with a higher risk ofmetabolic disease and developing one or morecardiovascular diseases (26).In the species level, two studies reported a higherabundance of Escherichia coli in children/adolescentswith Ow/OB compared to normal weight (26,37). Somestudies suggest this species may be associated with OBin adults as it has been found to increase body weightand adiposity and induce impaired glucose intolerance(54). Additionally, research has suggested thatEscherichia coli may contribute to maternal obesityduring the perinatal period by exacerbatinginflammation- induced gut epithelial barrier leak,which can in turn lead to metabolic dysregulation (55).The membrane of Escherichia coli contains alipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is found in gramnegative bacteria (56). High levels of LPS in thebloodstream and intestine can trigger systemicinflammation (56), and can directly and indirectlycontribute to the inflammatory reaction in adiposetissue during OB (57).3.2. Intervention StudiesAt the phylum-level analysis, two studies found a higherproportion of Actinobacteria after intervention. Instudy 1%u00b0, which used supplementation witholigofructose enriched inulin compared to a placebogroup, a higher abundance of Actinobacteria wasobserved after the intervention (38). Similarly, study 4%u00b0, which implemented a weight reduction program inchildren/adolescents with OB compared to normalweight subjects, also reported a higher proportion ofActinobacteria (32). Certain species of Actinobacteriasuch as Bifidobacterium, have been found to havepotential health benefits in adults. Bifidobacterium canhelp improve gut health, enhance immune function andprotect against infection. Additionally, it can breakdown fiber, providing energy and promoting intestinalhealth (58).ANALESRANFwww.analesranf.comProteobacteria can be a potentially pathogenic speciesthat induces potentially high inflammatory burdens(45).Two observational studies; one inchildren/adolescents with Ow/OB when compared tonormal weight (28) and the other in metabolicallyunhealthy obese vs. metabolically healthy obesechildren/adolescents (26), found Verrucomicrobia inlower abundances. Some research works suggest thatVerrucomicrobia could play an important role inmaintaining a healthy gut microbiota, as it is found tobe in less abundance in gut microbiota of adults withOB, and that weight loss resulted in an increase inVerrucomicrobia abundance (46)Regarding the order-level analysis of gut microbiota,the relevant findings were that three observationalstudies found a higher abundance of Bacteroidales inchildren/adolescents with OB when compared tonormal weight (23,35) and in metabolically unhealthyobese vs. metabolically healthy obese (26). One studyalso found the same results in adults with OB (47).At genus%u2019s level analysis of gut microbiota, twostudies found a lower abundance of Bifidobacterium inchildren/adolescents with Ow/OB compared to thosewith normal weight subjects (33,35). Similarly,Bifidobacterium is found in lower concentrations inadults with OB (28,31,38,48). Bifidobacterium isconsidered a common beneficial bacterium in thehuman body (31,35,48) and has been linked to inhibitingcholesterol absorption and reducing the risk of Ow/OBin childhood (31). Additionally, Bifidobacterium hasbeen shown to improve digestive health by reducingconstipation (49),and to stimulate the immune system,thereby helping protect against infections and diseases(50). Moreover, Bifidobacterium may reduce obesityassociated inflammation by restoring the lymphocytemacrophage balance and reducing the abundance ofFirmicutes (28)Three studies showed a higher relative abundance ofBlautia; with two observational studies inchildren/adolescents with Ow/OB compared to normalweight (23,28), and one intervention study inchildren/adolescents with OB compared to normalweight (32). In adult studies, the abundance of Blautiawas significantly higher in individuals with OB comparedto normal weight in adults, and positively associatedwith OB and metabolic syndrome (51).Two studies described a higher abundance ofClostridium in children/adolescents with Ow/OBcompared to normal weight (23,33). Higher Clostridiumlevels are found in children with weight gain (33). Inadult studies Clostridium has also been found to behigher abundance in OB subjects (39), involved inregulating energy metabolism and influencing weightgain (52). Clostridium has been related to eating foodrich in animal fat (33) which has a potential to induceweight gain, systemic inflammation, and metabolicalterations (53).Gut microbiota composition in pediatric populationswith obesity: a systematic reviewMarti, A., Canas I y Tamez H. 129 An. R.Acad. Farm.Vol. 90. n%u00ba 1 (2024) %u00b7 pp. 125-135