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To classify children or adolescents into Ow or OBcategories, studies used the following indicators: BMI(22%u201326) BMI-z score (27%u201332), or BMI percentile (33%u201335).For the gut microbiota sample analysis, all studies (22%u201333,35%u201338) used fecal samples and gut microbiota wasanalyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSixteen articles were selected for this systematicrevie 12 observational studies and 4 interventionstudies (3 randomized and 1 non-randomized).The information on gut microbiota of children andadolescents with Ow or OB from 12 observationalstudies is included in tables 2, while tables 4 highlightsthe interesting findings. A total of 1,481 participants,male and females, from the following countries: Spain(26), Brazil (25) Mexico (22,23), Poland (33), Korea (34),Czech Republic (37), China (24,27,28,35) andNetherlands (29).Regarding intervention studies, Tables 3 provide adescription of the changes in gut microbiotacomposition after interventions. In addition, Table 5,presents the most interesting findings from thesestudies. They included 161 participants, males, andfemales, from the following countries: Spain (38),Mexico (30), Canada (31), and South Korea (32). Theintervention duration ranged from 6 to 16 weeks withan average of 10 and a half weeks. Four types ofintervention related to lifestyle modifications wereidentified in relation to diet and physical activity.The 1st study ran for 16 weeks in pediatric subjectswith Ow and OB. Participants were given anoligofructose-enriched inulin (OI; 8 g/day) ormaltodextrin (a placebo with an isocaloric dose) whichwas the control group once a day (38).The 2nd study consisted of a 12-week combinedstrength and endurance training program with 2ANALESRANFwww.analesranf.com2. METHODSThis systematic review followed the PreferredReporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses (PRISMA) statement criteria for itselaboration. Relevant studies were identified througha search in the scientific database PubMed, and thestudies included were published between December2012 and October 2022. The key words used for theliterature search were %u201cObese%u201d OR %u201cOverweight%u201d AND%u201cadolescent%u201d OR %u201cchildren%u201d AND %u201cmicrobiota%u201d. Table 1illustrates the criteria used to search for the selectedarticles.This review included randomized and non-randomizedcontrol trials and intervention studies inchildren/adolescents, with either Ow or OB. Studieswere excluded if they: a) did not includechildren/adolescents with Ow or OB; b) involvedpatients diagnosed with diseases such as autism,diabetes, or suffering from other relevant healthconditions; or c) were not performed in humansubjects. Studies that did not analyze microbiotacomposition were not included. Figure 1 depicts howthe selection of articles was made. The initial search(which included the following filters: Child: 6-12 yearsold and adolescent 13-18 years old) resulted in 409references, of which 379 were excluded after readingthe title due to participants having other pathologiesbut not Ow or OB (Fig. 2.) Thirty full articles werechosen for further screening. Two articles wereexcluded because they did not provide any informationon the number of participants. Later, 12 out of 28articles were excluded because they did not includeany data on microbiota composition. Finally, 16 articleswere selected for this systematic revie 12observational studies and 4 intervention studies (3randomized and 1 non-randomized)..Gut microbiota composition in pediatric populationswith obesity: a systematic reviewMarti, A., Canas I y Tamez H. 127 An. R.Acad. Farm.Vol. 90. n%u00ba 1 (2024) %u00b7 pp. 125-135Publication date From 2009 to 2022.Key words Microbiota, overweight, obesity, children, and adolescents.Data base PubMedSubjects Child 6-12 years old and Adolescent 13-18 years old.Publication type Cohort study and clinical trialsAnthropometric parameters BMI, BMI Z-score, BMI percentilesSamples and technique Fecal samples, 16S rRNA sequencingTable 1: Criteria for including articles in this systematic review