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cells, or even disassociated tumor tissues. Tumoroids have a similarstructure and function to primary tissues, and they retain the same geneticprofile, histological traits, mutational landscape, and even treatmentresponses. However, it is still an emerging field there are already someexamples in the literature. In a recent study, semiconducting polymernanoparticles were explored for photothermal therapy for the ablation ofcolorectal cancer organoids. Here, the authors used two differenttheragnostic nanoparticles hybrid donor-acceptor polymer particles(HDAPPs) and poly[4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b%u2019]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-4,7-bis(2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole]nanoparticles (PCPDTBSe or BSe). The nanoparticles were coated withhyaluronic acid to target CD44, a receptor overexpressed by CRC cell. Theresults revealed that only HA-BSe NPs were found to be capable ofsignificantly lowering tumor cell viability in the organoids throughphotothermal activation. Even though the CD44-targeted theragnosticnanoparticles have demonstrated limited transport, moreover, theirtargeted retention revealed increased heat that improves photothermalablation in the 3D models, which is advantageous for evaluatingnanoparticle therapeutics before in vivo testing.As the field advances, cancer organoids are anticipated to become moresignificant in the preclinical screening of nanotherapeutics, which mightspeed up the drug development process and enhance the conversion ofresearch results into clinical applications.4.2. scaffold-based modelsScaffolds are becoming an attractive option for the delivery of anticancernanotherapies, through an implanted or injectable platform whichgenerates localized or targeted toxicity in the tumor. The injectablescaffolds have the potential to release the therapies in a regulated andsustained manner, resulting in a multifunctional therapeutic effect. Thesescaffolds can also be applied as implants at the site. For the application ofthese models, it is crucial to consider biodegradability, immunogenicity,ensuring the highly effective and responsive tumors. Over the decades,several kinds of nano/micro-drug delivery systems utilizing 3D scaffoldshave been created; these systems vary from one another in terms ofcomposition, crosslinker, ionic charge, pore size, release kinetics, andformulation techniques. In the last years, some studies have emerged exploring scaffold-basedmodels as a way to deliver nanotherapies to the tumor site. In a recentstudy, the authors developed scaffolds using sodium alginate and chitosan,115 Nanomaterial y NanomedicinaMar%u00eda Vallet , Antonio J. Salinas