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groupofdisordersincludingabdominalobesity,insulinresistancehypertensionandhyperlipidaemia(12) Themechanisms thatcauseitsonsetareunknownbutitisbelieved tobeacombinationofenvironmentalandgeneticfactors(13)Giventhatfructosereducesleptinproduction(1)satietysignalsarebypassedandoverconsumptionweightgainandinsulinresistancearepromoted(14)Moreover,fructoseproducesdyslipidaemiaandanincreaseinvisceraladiposevolume(15)Type 2diabetesischaracterisedbyinsulinresistance whereby thecellsareunable touptakecirculatingbloodglucoseCountrieswithahighHFCSconsumptionpresenta20%higherprevalenceoftype2diabetesindependentlyofBodyMassIndex(BMI)ortotalsugarintake(16)13TagatoseTagatoseisamonosaccharidediscoveredbyDrGilbert V.Levininhisattempttofindanewsweetener(17)Itfulfilledhisaimgiventhattagatoseis92%assweetassucroseandprovidesvirtuallynoavailableenergy(18)Ithasbeenapproved forhumanconsumptionbytheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)andtheEuropeanUnion(1920)Neverthelessithaslaxativepropertiesathighdosesbecauseonly20%oftheintakeisabsorbedintheintestine Tagatosepassesinto thelowerintestine whereitproducesanosmoticeffect(182122)Tagatosecanbesynthesisedbyachemicalandenzymatictreatmentofthelactosefoundindeproteinisedwhey,whichisawasteproductof thedairyindustryItcanbealsodirectlyobtainedfromthegalactosederivedfromlactose(22)Tagatosehasbeenproposedasanantidiabeticdrugasitcontrolspost-prandialhyperglycaemiahyperinsulinemiaandHbA1Clevels(202223)Itsconsumptioncanalsocauseweightlossataclinicallydesirablerateandhasantioxidantandprebioticproperties(22);andunlikefructoseitdoesnotcauseelevationsinplasmauricacidconcentration(24)1INTRODUCCIÓN11FructoseintakeDuring thelast fivedecades therehasbeenanexponentialincreaseintheconsumptionofsugarsbecauseoftheirabilitytoenhancethepalatabilityoffoodAmongthemthehighintakeof free fructoseappearsparticularlysignificant The traditionalsweetener,sucroseadisaccharidecontainingoneglucoseandone fructosemoleculejoinedtogether,hasbeenreplacedbyhigh-fructosecornsyrup(HFCS)ascaloricsweetenerinbeveragesandother foods(12)High-fructosecornsyrupwasdevelopedinthe1960sasacheapersweetener.Itisproduced fromcornsyrup throughanenzymaticisomerisationprocessthatconvertssomeofitsoriginalglucosecontentintofructoseTherearetwomainformsofHFCScommercialisedHFCS-42andHFCS-55whichcontain42%and55% fructoserespectively(3 4)However,studieshaveshown thattheexact fructoseloadmay varyamongmanufacturers withamaximumof65%of fructosecontent Thisindicates thatahigher thanassumedfructoseconsumptionmayhavebeentakingplaceunknowingly(5)Addedsugarsconsumptionespeciallyintheformofcaloricallysweetenedbeverageshasbeenlinked toanincreasedbodyweight(67)reducedhigh-densitylipoprotein(HDL)levelsandaugmentedlow-densitylipoprotein(LDL)andtriglyceridelevels(78)whichareparametersknowntoincreasetheriskofcardiovasculardiseases Thisis why the WorldHealthOrganisation(WHO)recommends that theenergyprovidedby theconsumptionofaddedsugarsshouldnotexceed10%ofthetotalenergyinadiet(9)12PathologiesrelatedtofructoseintakeManystudieshavedemonstrated that theincreasingconsumptionoffructoseisrelatedtotheepidemicsofmetabolicsyndrometype2diabetesandcardiovasculardiseases(1011)MetabolicsyndromehasbeendefinedbytheWHOasa258ANALESRANFwwwanalesranfcomLaingestamaternade fructosamodulaelmetabolismodelcolesterolenrespuestaaunadietaoccidentalenladescendenciaPalomaLópezLaizElenaFausteetalAnRealAcadFarmVol88Nº3(2022)·pp257-275Figure1StructuresofD-glucoseD-fructoseandD-tagatoseTheyellowboxesindicatetheketoneoraldehydegrouppresentinthemoleculeswhilethegreenboxesrefertothespatialarrangementofsubstituentsatstereogeniccarbon4thatdifferentiatesbothepimersfructoseandtagatoseCreatedwithBioRender.com