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Class
I
phosphoinositide
3-­-kinases
in
immunity…

14.
CONCLUDING
REMARKS

Research
in
recent
years
has
accumulated
evidence
showing
the
essential

role
of
class
I
PI3K
and
their
molecular
targets
in
cancer
and
immune
responses,

and
the
potential
benefits
of
PI3K
inhibitors
to
treat
neoplastic
and
autoimmune

diseases.
The
therapeutic
potential
of
PI3K
inhibitors
in
cancer
has
prompted
the

discovery
of
many
different
molecules
by
the
pharmaceutical
industry
whose

utility
in
immune-­-based
diseases
needs
to
be
tested.

Many
of
the
newly
developed
PI3K
inhibitors
also
inhibit
other
molecules

like
mTOR
or
DNA-­-PK
fulfilling
important
functions
in
different
types
of
cells,
so

that
chronic
treatment
with
these
drugs
might
produce
deleterious
effects
on
the

host
in
the
long
term
(129).
According
to
currently
available
data,
the
PI3K

inhibitors
under
clinical
or
preclinical
study
are
reasonably
well
tolerated,
and

these
include
broad
specificity
PI3K
inhibitors
or
dual
PI3K
and
mTOR
inhibitors

(51).
The
challenge
now
is
to
determine
which
particular
type(s)
of
inhibitor(s)
are

of
real
benefit
to
each
particular
disease.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

P.P.
is
a
Tenured
Scientist
of
the
Consejo
Superior
de
Investigaciones

Científicas
(CSIC)
at
the
Centro
Nacional
de
Microbiología,
Instituto
de
Salud
Carlos

III.
Supported
by
Grants
PI10/00650
and
PI13/02153
(to
JMR)
and
PI10/00648

and
PI13/01809
(to
PP)
from
“Acción
Estratégica
en
Salud,
Plan
Estatal
I+D+i”,

Ministerio
de
Economía
y
Competitividad
(MINECO),
Spain.
The
authors
apologize

to
the
many
authors
whose
relevant
data
have
been
summarized
or
omitted
due
to

space
constraints.

DISCLOSURES

The
authors
declare
no
financial
conflict
of
interest.

REFERENCES

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S.
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K.;
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J.;
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R.;
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P.
C.;
Woscholski,

R.;
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Synthesis
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535-­-602
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Deane,
J.
A.;
&
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D.
A.
Phosphoinositide
3-­-Kinase:
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immune
cell

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T.;
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I

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