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Dry
eye
disease
compounds…

linoleic
(LA)
and
gamma-­-linolenic
acid
(GLA)
are
reducing
eye
inflammation,
and

n-­-6
pathway
eicosanoids
are
considered
as
promoting
inflammation
(32,
33).

Omega-­-3
and
omega-­-6
EFAs
are
used
for
dry
eye
treatment
due
to
their
anti-­-
inflammatory
effects
such
as
the
drug
Nutrilarm®
of
the
French
company
Théa

Laboratoires,
which
is
already
commercialized
in
Europe.
This
medicine
uses
a

supplementation
of
omega-­-3
and
omega-­-6
fatty
acids,
which
according
to
the

company
reduce
expression
of
the
conjunctival
inflammatory
marker
human

leucocyte
antigen-­-DR
(HLA-­-DR)
and
may
help
improving
DED
symptoms.
The

compound
past
in
2006
from
Phase
II
clinical
trials
in
US
(ClinicalTrials.gov

Identifier:
NCT00357201)
but
the
company
decided
to
continue
the
pre-­-clinical

development
to
resolve
efficacy
and
doses
issues
(34-­-36).

ORAL
OMEGA-­-3-­-ACID
ETHYLESTERS

Pennsylvania
State
University
and
the
American
Society
of
Cataract
and

Refractive
Surgery
Foundation
(ClinicalTrials.gov
Identifier:
NCT01107964)

started
in
April
2010
a
clinical
study,
based
on
the
hypothesis
that
oral
omega-­-3-­-
acid
ethyl
esters
(Lovaza,
GlaxoSmithKline)
will
decrease
the
dry-­-eye
related

symptoms
as
well
as
clinical
markers
associated
to
dry
eye
disease.
The

preliminary
results
of
the
study
are
positive
but
more
research
is
needed
to
define

the
composition
and
dosing
of
the
treatment.
From
the
results
it
was
confirmed
the

relationship
between
EFA
supplementation
and
improvement
in
dry
eye

symptoms
in
patients
(37).
Nevertheless
before
any
anti-­-inflammatory
therapy
is

necessary
a
detailed
examination
of
a
patient
due
to
the
complexity
of
the
disease

and
to
provide
individual
and
successful
treatment
(38).

SECUKINUMAB
AND
CANAKINUMAB

Novartis
Pharmaceuticals
Inc.
presented
two
novel
antibodies,

Secukinumab
(AIN457)
and
Canakinumab
(ACZ885).
Secukinumab
is
a
fully

human
monoclonal
antibody
designed
to
bind
selectively,
inhibiting
the
member
A

of
interleukin
17cytokine
family,
a
key
driver
of
immune-­-mediated
diseases.

Canakinumab
is
a
fully
human
monoclonal
antibody,
inhibiting
solely
interleukin

1ß
(IL-­-1ß),
the
form
of
the
interleukin-­-1
protein
that
is
the
main
cause
of
various

inflammatory
diseases
(39).
Currently
both
antibodies
are
under
development
as

treatments
of
a
wide
range
of
auto
inflammatory
diseases.
In
November
2010

Novartis
started
a
Phase
II
study
on
effects
of
a
single
intravenous
administration

of
Secukinumab
10
mg/kg
or
Canakinumab
10
mg/kg
on
72
dry
eye
patients

157