Page 27 - 75_03
P. 27
VOL. 75 (3), 389-418, 2009 CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL ENDOGENOUS MORPHINE
and identification of 5-hydroxytryptamine as a substrate. Arch. Biochem.
Biophys. 365(1): 156-162.
40. Suleman, F. G., Abid, A., Gradinaru, D., Daval, J. L., Magdalou, J. & Minn,
A. (1998) Identification of the uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase
isoform UGT1A6 in rat brain and in primary cultures of neurons and astro-
cytes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 358(1): 63-67.
41. Brands, A., Munzel, P. A. & Bock, K. W. (2000) In situ hybridization studies
of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT1A6 expression in rat testis and brain.
Biochem. Pharmacol. 59(11): 1441-1444.
42. Lotsch, J. (2005) Opioid metabolites. J. Pain Symptom. Manage. 29(5 Suppl):
S10-24.
43. Yeh, S. Y., Gorodetzky, C. W. & Krebs, H. A. (1977) Isolation and identi-
fication of morphine 3- and 6-glucuronides, morphine 3,6-diglucuronide,
morphine 3-ethereal sulfate, normorphine, and normorphine 6-glucuronide
as morphine metabolites in humans. J. Pharm. Sci. 66(9): 1288-1293.
44. Zheng, M., McErlane, K. M. & Ong, M. C. (1998) High-performance liquid
chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry analysis of morphine
and morphine metabolites and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in
male Sprague-Dawley rats. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 16(6): 971-980.
45. Wu, D., Kang, Y. S., Bickel, U. & Pardridge, W. M. (1997) Blood-brain barrier
permeability to morphine-6-glucuronide is markedly reduced compared with
morphine. Drug Metab Dispos. 25(6): 768-771.
46. Grace, D. & Fee, J. P. (1996) A comparison of intrathecal morphine-6-
glucuronide and intrathecal morphine sulfate as analgesics for total hip
replacement. Anesth. Analg. 83(5): 1055-1059.
47. Dahan, A., van Dorp, E., Smith, T. & Yassen, A. (2008) Morphine-6-
glucuronide (M6G) for postoperative pain relief. Eur. J. Pain. 12(4): 403-411.
48. van Dorp, E. L., Romberg, R., Sarton, E., Bovill, J. G. & Dahan, A. (2006).
Morphine-6-Glucuronide: Morphine’s Successor for Postoperative Pain
Relief? Anesth. Analg. 102(6): 1789-1797.
49. Mavrojannis, M. (1903) Action Cataleptique de la Morphine chez les Rats.
Contribution a la Theorie Toxique da la Catalepsie. Comptes rendues Soc.
Biol. 55: 1092-1094.
50. Gintzler, A. R., Mohacsi, E. & Spector, S. (1976) Radioimmunoassay for the
simultaneous determination of morphine and codeine. Eur. J. Pharmacol.
38(1): 149-156.
51. Shorr, J., Foley, K. & Spector, S. (1978) Presence of a non-peptide morphine-
like compound in human cerebrospinal fluid. Life Sci. 23(20): 2057-2062.
52. Oka, K., Kantrowitz, J. D. & Spector, S. (1985) Isolation of morphine from
toad skin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 82(6): 1852-1854.
53. Spector, S., Kantrowitz, J. D. & Oka, K. (1985) Presence of endogenous
morphine in toad skin. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 192: 329-332.
54. Goldstein, A., Barrett, R. W., James, I. F., Lowney, L. I., Weitz, C. J.,
Knipmeyer, L. L., et al. (1985) Morphine and other opiates from beef brain
and adrenal. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 82(15): 5203-5207.
413