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NCT04482803, NCT05985551), showing promising results inchemotherapeutics efficacy. However, despite the promising potential, theclinical translation of nanotherapy for chemotherapy delivery faces severalchallenges. These include the complexity of scaling up nanoparticleproduction, ensuring consistent quality and stability, and addressingregulatory hurdles. 2.2. Nanodelivery of Immunotherapeutics and Immune systemmodulationCancer immunotherapy offers promising possibilities for more effectivetreatment approaches by potentiating anti-cancer immunity. Despiteimmunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR T-celltherapy, and cancer vaccines, have shown remarkable efficacy in treatingvarious cancers, several challenges including relatively low tumorbioavailability and penetration, off-target toxicity, and tumor resistanceremain to be overcome. For example, exploring nanoparticles forimmunomodulatory drug delivery aiming to modify immune responses atthe cellular level, holds increased potential to enhance the efficacy ofimmunotherapy, offering new possibilities for cancer treatment.In the context of immunotherapy, nanocarriers can be used to (i) targetcancer cells, inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) and the release oftumor antigens, (ii) target the tumor immune microenvironment inhibitingimmunosuppressive cells, reducing the expression of immunosuppressivemolecules, and promoting the recruitment of anti-tumoral immune cells,(iii) target the peripheral immune system enhancing antigen presentationand cytotoxic T cell production in secondary lymphoid organs. In fact, one of the major challenges in cancer immunotherapy is thetumor%u2019s ability to suppress immune responses by expressing immunecheckpoint molecules like PD-L1 or secreting immunosuppressive cytokines.To face such issues, nanocarriers can be engineered to specifically targetcancer cells, improving the delivery of immunotherapeutic agents such ascheckpoint inhibitors, cytokines, or immune-modulating antibodies directlyto the tumor site. ICD-inducing nanomedicines have been combined withimmunotherapeutic approaches, by combining doxorubicin-loadedliposomes with anti-PD1, PD-L1, and CTLA4 antibodies. The results showedthat doxorubicin-loaded liposomes improved the efficiency ofimmunotherapy by promoting the proliferation of anti-tumoral dendriticcells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in mouse models.107 Nanomaterial y NanomedicinaMar%u00eda Vallet , Antonio J. Salinas